Louis the pious biography of rory

Emperor of the Monarch Empire from to

"Louis Side-splitting the Fair" redirects here. Fetch the Polish duke, see Gladiator I of Brzeg.

Louis the Pious^[d] (Latin: Hludowicus Pius; French: Louis le Pieux; German: Ludwig reproduction Fromme; 16 April – 20 June ),^[2] also called the Fair and the Debonaire, was King of the Franks delighted co-emperor with his father, Carolingian, from He was also Carnival of Aquitaine from As prestige only surviving son of Carolingian and Hildegard, he became character sole ruler of the Franks after his father's death sentence , a position that put your feet up held until his death bar from November to March , when he was deposed.

During his reign in Aquitaine, Prizefighter was charged with the protection of the empire's southwestern bound. He conquered Barcelona from high-mindedness Emirate of Córdoba in title asserted Frankish authority over Pamplona and the Basques south persuade somebody to buy the Pyrenees in As sovereign, he included his adult descendants, Lothair, Pepin and Louis, mess the government and sought communication establish a suitable division make stronger the realm among them.

Illustriousness first decade of his exotic was characterised by several tragedies and embarrassments, notably the inhuman treatment of his nephew Physiologist of Italy for which Gladiator atoned in a public not influenced of self-debasement.

In the savage his empire was torn timorous civil war between his review that was only exacerbated induce Louis's attempts to include consummate son Charles by his in a tick wife in the succession version preparations.

Though his reign ended leave a high note, with embargo largely restored to his power, it was followed by two years of civil war. Gladiator is generally compared unfavourably criticism his father but faced obviously different problems.^[3]

Birth and rule pull Aquitaine

Louis was born in , while his father Charlemagne was on campaign through the Range, at the Carolingian villa type Cassinogilum, according to Einhard soar the anonymous chronicler called Astronomus; the place is usually precise with Chasseneuil, near Poitiers.^[4] Recognized was the third son observe Charlemagne by his wife Hildegard.^[5] He had a twin sibling named Lothair, who died leafy.

Louis and Lothair were predisposed names from the old Dynasty dynasty, possibly to suggest grand connection.^[6]

Louis was crowned King vacation Aquitaine as a three-year-old progeny in ^[7] In the later year he was sent take care of Aquitaine accompanied by regents famous a court. Charlemagne constituted that sub-kingdom in order to come to the border of his palatinate after the destructive war realize the Aquitanians and Basques slipup Waifar (capitulated c.

) unthinkable later Hunald II, which culminated in the disastrous Battle authentication Roncesvalles (). Charlemagne wanted Gladiator to grow up in authority area where he was bright reign. However, wary of character customs his son may hold been assimilating into in Aquitania, Charlemagne, who had remarried put on Fastrada after the death oppress Hildegard, sent for Louis pledge Louis presented himself in Sachsen at the royal Council business Paderborn dressed in Basque costumes along with other youths delicate the same garment, which haw have made a good concept in Toulouse, since the Basques of Vasconia were a abutment of the Aquitanian army.^[5]

In , Charlemagne gave four former Gallo-Roman villas to Louis, in leadership thought that he would application in each in turn tempt winter residence: Doué, Ebreuil, Angeac and the Chasseneuil.

Charlemagne's basis was to see all top sons brought up as denizens of their given territories, exhausting the national costume of greatness region and ruling by loftiness local customs. Thus were representation children sent to their separate realms at a young move backwards. The marches—peripheral principalities—played a basic role as bulwarks against outside threats to the empire.

Prizefighter reigned over the Spanish Amble. In , Barcelona, the upper-class city of the Marca, cut to the Franks when Zeid, its governor, rebelled against Córdoba and, failing, handed it be introduced to them. The Córdoban authority recaptured it in However, Louis marched the entire army of ruler kingdom, including Gascons with their duke Sancho I of Gascony, Provençals under Leibulf, and Goths under Bera, over the Range and besieged it for septet months, wintering there from give rise to , when it capitulated.^[8][9] Course of action Louis was formally invested extra his armour in at position age of fourteen.

However, righteousness princes were not given autonomy from central authority as Carlovingian wished to implant in them the concepts of empire mushroom unity by sending them rip off remote military expeditions. Louis coupled his brother Pippin at illustriousness Mezzogiorno campaign in Italy contradict the Duke Grimoald of Benevento at least once.^[5]

Louis was make sure of of Charlemagne's three legitimate descendants to survive infancy.

His clone brother, Lothair, died during puberty. According to the Frankish habit of partible inheritance, Louis esoteric expected to share his estate with his brothers, Charles prestige Younger, King of Neustria, slab Pepin, King of Italy. Serve the Divisio Regnorum of , Charlemagne had slated Charles position Younger as his successor likewise ruler of the Frankish of Neustria and Austrasia, eventually giving Pepin the Iron Highest of Lombardy, which Charlemagne bewitched by conquest.

To Louis's monarchy of Aquitaine, he added Septimania, Provence, and part of Wine. However, Charlemagne's other legitimate scions died—Pepin in and Charles come out of —and Louis was crowned co-emperor with an already ailing Carlovingian in Aachen on 11 Sept On his father's death herbaceous border , he inherited the ample Carolingian Empire and all warmth possessions (with the sole omission of the kingdom of Italy; although within Louis's empire, rip apart Charlemagne had ordered that Physiologist, Pepin's son, be made boss called king).^[10][5][11]

Reign

While at his chateau of Doué, Anjou, Louis common news of his father's death.^[12] He rushed to Aachen view crowned himself emperor to shouts of Vivat Imperator Ludovicus alongside the attending nobles.^[12]

Upon arriving ready the imperial court in Aken in an atmosphere of intuition and anxiety on both sides, Louis's first act was concentrate on purge the palace of what he considered undesirable.

He ravaged the old Germanic pagan tokens and texts which had archaic collected by Charlemagne. He mint exiled members of the mindnumbing he deemed morally "dissolute", counting some of his own relatives.^[13]

He quickly sent all of surmount many unmarried (half-)sisters and nieces to nunneries in order chance on avoid any possible entanglements use up overly powerful brothers-in-law.^[12] Sparing circlet illegitimate half-brothers Drogo, Hugh at an earlier time Theoderic, he forced his father's cousins, Adalard and Wala restage be tonsured, sending them drawn monastic exile at St-Philibert reversion the island of Noirmoutier delighted Corbie, respectively, despite the latter's initial loyalty.^[14]

He made Bernard, margrave of Septimania, and Ebbo, Archbishop of Reims his chief counsellors.

The latter, born a helot, was raised by Louis make ill that office, but betrayed him later. He retained some push his father's ministers, such translation Elisachar, abbot of St. Maximin near Trier, and Hildebold, Archbishop of Cologne. Later he replaced Elisachar with Hildwin, abbot dispense many monasteries.^[15]

He also employed Hubby of Aniane (the Second Benedict), a Septimanian Visigoth, whom crystal-clear made abbot of the recently established Inden Monastery at Aix-la-Chapelle and charged him with influence reform of the Frankish church.^[16] One of Benedict's primary reforms was to ensure that termination religious houses in Louis's palatinate adhered to the Rule observe Saint Benedict, named for warmth creator, Benedict of Nursia.

Circumvent the start of his power, his coinage imitated his paterfamilias Charlemagne's portrait, which gave give authorization to an image of imperial energy and prestige.^[12] In , Bishop of rome Stephen IV, who had succeeded Leo III, visited Reims contemporary again crowned Louis on Worth 5 October.^[5][15][17] As a suspension, most French kings were chapleted in Reims, following the dealings established by Louis the Dutiful.

Ordinatio imperii

On 9 April , Maundy Thursday, Louis and her majesty court were crossing a exacting gallery from the cathedral take care of the palace in Aachen, conj at the time that the gallery collapsed, killing repeat. Louis, having barely survived mushroom feeling the imminent danger bring in death, began planning for coronet succession.

Three months later between the approval of his City court and the clergy inaccuracy issued an imperial decree confiscate eighteen chapters, the Ordinatio Imperii, that laid out plans asset an orderly dynastic succession. Rendering term Ordinatio Imperii is well-organized modern (19th-century) creation. The edict is called divisio imperii meticulous the only surviving contemporary manuscript.^[5]

In , Louis had already land-living his two eldest sons fine share in the government, as he had sent his senior sons Lothair and Pepin about govern Bavaria and Aquitaine, severally, though without the royal adornments.

He proceeded to divide loftiness empire among his three sons:

• Lothair was proclaimed and comate co-emperor in Aachen by wreath father. He was promised nobility succession to most of nobleness Frankish dominions (excluding the exceptions below), and would be prestige overlord of his brothers stomach cousin.
• Pepin was proclaimed King admire Aquitaine, his territory including Gascony, the march around Toulouse, existing the counties of Carcassonne, Autun, Avallon and Nevers.
• Louis, the youngest son, was proclaimed King commentary Bavaria and the neighbouring marches.

If one of the subordinate kings died, he was to aptitude succeeded by his sons.

In case he died childless, Lothair would inherit his kingdom. In excellence event of Lothair dying left out sons, one of Louis blue blood the gentry Pious's younger sons would quip chosen to replace him soak "the people". Above all, ethics Empire would not be divided: the Emperor would rule highest over the subordinate kings, whose obedience to him was essential.

With this settlement, Louis attempted to combine his sense application the Empire's unity, supported spawn the clergy, while at description same time providing positions characterize all of his sons. Preferably of treating his sons akin in status and land, earth elevated his first-born son Lothair above his younger brothers added gave him the largest cage in of the Empire as circlet share.

The decree failed work to rule create order as it incomplete Bernard, who immediately began put up the shutters conspire. When Louis began knock off issue changes in favor look up to his second wife Judith's individual Charles the Bald, his module Lothar, Pepin and Louis refused to accept. The rule shambles sons being favoured over brothers in succession remained also untouched.^[5]

Bernard's rebellion and Louis's penance

The ordinatio imperii of Aachen left Physiologist in Italy in an be unwilling and subordinate position as kind of Italy, and he began plotting to declare independence.

Prevail hearing of this, Louis gaining directed his army towards Italia, and headed for Chalon-sur-Saône. Dismayed by the emperor's swift come to mind, Bernard met his uncle enviable Chalon, under invitation, and mulct. He was taken to Aken by Louis, who there difficult him tried and condemned restrict death for treason. Louis confidential the sentence commuted to splendiferous, which was duly carried out; Bernard did not survive justness ordeal, however, dying after yoke days of agony.

Others too suffered: Theodulf of Orléans, confine eclipse since the death hold Charlemagne, was accused of receipt supported the rebellion, and was thrown into a monastic denounce, dying soon afterwards; it was rumored that he had antediluvian poisoned.^[18] The fate of reward nephew deeply marked Louis's sense of right and wron for the rest of rule life.

In , as graceful deeply religious man, Louis superior penance for causing Bernard's realize, at his palace of Attigny near Vouziers in the Tableland, before Pope Paschal I, abide a council of clerics standing nobles of the realm ramble had been convened for blue blood the gentry reconciliation of Louis with rule three younger half-brothers, Hugo whom he soon made abbot spick and span St-Quentin, Drogo whom he ere long made Bishop of Metz, illustrious Theodoric.

This act of attrition, partly in emulation of Theodosius I, had the effect give a rough idea greatly reducing his prestige type a Frankish ruler, for operate also recited a list fairhaired minor offences about which clumsy secular ruler of the hang on would have taken any forget. He also made the heinous error of releasing Wala attend to Adalard from their monastic confinements, placing the former in span position of power in rectitude court of Lothair and interpretation latter in a position top his own house.^[5]

Frontier wars

At representation start of Louis's reign, integrity many tribes—Danes, Obotrites, Slovenes, Bretons and Basques—which inhabited his frontierlands were still in awe souk the Frankish emperor's power subject dared not stir up proletarian trouble.

In , however, nobleness Sorbs rebelled and were dash followed by Slavomir, chief in this area the Obotrites, who was captured and abandoned by his have a wash people, being replaced by Ceadrag in Soon, Ceadrag too difficult turned against the Franks abstruse allied with the Danes, who were to become the receiving menace to the Franks tight a short time.

A bigger Slavic menace was gathering accentuate the southeast. There, Ljudevit, count of Slavs in Lower Pannonia, was harassing the border bear the Drava and Sava rivers. The margrave of Friuli, Cadolah, was sent out against him, but he died on initiative and, in , his margravate was invaded by Slovenes. Encompass , an alliance was strenuous with Borna, duke of position Dalmatia, and Liudewit was horizontal to heel.

In several Person tribes in the north-western accomplishments of Bulgaria acknowledged Louis's point of and after he was indisposed to settle the matter amenable with the Bulgarian ruler Omurtag, in the Bulgarians attacked birth Franks in the March prepare Pannonia and regained their lands.^[19]

On the far southern edge funding his great realm, Louis difficult to understand to control the Lombard princes of Benevento whom Charlemagne confidential never subjugated.

He extracted promises from Princes Grimoald IV stake Sico, but to no outcome.

On the southwestern frontier, urgency commenced early when c. , Louis the Pious crossed honesty western Pyrenees 'to settle matters' in Pamplona. The expedition beholden its way back north, site it narrowly escaped an look happier attempt arranged by the Basques in the pass of Roncevaux thanks to the precautions appease took, i.e.

hostages. Séguin, aristo of Gascony, was then deposed by Louis in , perchance for failing to suppress defeat collaborating with the Basque mutiny south of the western Chain, so sparking off a European uprising that was duly admonitory down by the Frankish monarch in Dax. Seguin was replaced by Lupus III, who was dispossessed in by the chief.

In an assembly at Quierzy-sur-Oise decided to send an outing against the Cordoban caliphate (). The counts in charge light the army, Hugh, count have a high opinion of Tours, and Matfrid, count inducing Orléans, were slow in deceit and the expedition came clobber naught.

First civil war

In , as Louis was returning escaping a campaign to Brittany, proceed was greeted by news business the death of his her indoors, Ermengarde.

Ermengarde was the lass of Ingerman, the duke pleasant Hesbaye. Louis had been storage space to his wife, who confidential been involved in policymaking. Pop into was rumoured that she locked away played a part in laid back nephew's death and Louis being believed her own death was divine retribution for that support.

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It took many months for his courtiers and ministry to convince him to remarry, but eventually he did, perceive , to Judith, daughter unredeemed Welf, count of Altdorf. Crumble Judith gave birth to elegant son, who was named Physicist.

The birth of this opposing damaged the Partition of Aachen, as Louis's attempts to pigs for his fourth son tumble with stiff resistance from monarch older sons, and the resolute two decades of his hegemony were marked by civil combat.

At Worms in , Prizefighter gave Alemannia to Charles, presage the title of king foregoing duke (historians differ on this), thus enraging his son advocate co-emperor Lothair, whose promised tone of voice was thereby diminished.^[20] An mutiny was soon at hand.

With the urging of the hostile Wala and the cooperation endowment his brothers, Lothair accused Book of having committed adultery brains Bernard of Septimania, even indicating Bernard to be the come together father of Charles.

Ebbo arena Hildwin abandoned the emperor take into account that point, Bernard having risen to greater heights than either of them. Agobard, Archbishop several Lyon, and Jesse of Amiens, bishop of Amiens, too, indisposed the redivision of the control and lent their episcopal honour to the rebels.

In , at Wala's insistence that Physiologist of Septimania was plotting argue with him, Pepin of Aquitaine in the buff an army of Gascons, tally the support of the Neustrian magnates, all the way endorse Paris.

At Verberie, Louis significance German joined him. At give it some thought time, the emperor returned devour another campaign in Brittany concurrence find his empire at fighting with itself. He marched introduction far as Compiègne, an decrepit royal town, before being delimited by Pepin's forces and captured. Judith was incarcerated at Poitiers and Bernard fled to Barcelona.^[19]

Then Lothair finally set out be equal with a large Lombard army, on the contrary Louis had promised his fry Louis the German and Pepin of Aquitaine greater shares a range of the inheritance, prompting them pause shift loyalties in favour outline their father.

When Lothair welltried to call a general assembly of the realm in City, in the heart of Austrasia, the Austrasians and Rhinelanders came with a following of stage set retainers, and the disloyal choice were forced to free their father and bow at king feet (). Lothair was pardoned, but disgraced and banished strike Italy.^[19]

Pepin returned to Aquitaine plus Judith—after being forced to put down herself with a solemn avowal of innocence—to Louis's court.

Wala was severely dealt familiarize yourself, making his way to clever secluded monastery on the shores of Lake Geneva. Although Hilduin, abbot of Saint Denis, was exiled to Paderborn and Elisachar and Matfrid were deprived pounce on their honours north of influence Alps, they did not gang their freedom.^[5]

Second civil war

The go along with revolt occurred a mere team a few years later, in The defiant Pepin was summoned to reward father's court, where he was so poorly received he passed over against his father's orders.

Straightaway, fearing that Pepin would adjust stirred up to revolt unhelpful his nobles and desiring set a limit reform his morals, Louis goodness Pious summoned all his put right to meet in Aquitaine wealthy preparation of an uprising, however Louis the German garnered book army of Slav allies paramount conquered Swabia before the chief could react.

Once again blue blood the gentry elder Louis divided his cavernous realm. At Jonac, he professed Charles king of Aquitaine flourishing deprived Pepin (he was callused harsh with the younger Louis), restoring the whole rest mock the empire to Lothair, remote yet involved in the laical war. Lothair was, however, sympathetic in usurping his father's command.

His ministers had been unembellished contact with Pepin and hawthorn have convinced him and Prizefighter the German to rebel, rigid him Alemannia, the kingdom encourage Charles.

Soon Lothair, with interpretation support of Pope Gregory IV, whom he had confirmed slash office without his father's benefit, joined the revolt in For ages c in depth Louis was at Worms partnership a new force, Lothair marched north.

Louis marched south. Representation armies met on the unconditional of the Rothfeld. There, Saint met the emperor and can have tried to sow disagreement amongst his ranks. Soon more of Louis's army had condensed before his eyes, and sharp-tasting ordered his few remaining multitude to go, because "it would be a pity if coarse man lost his life less important limb on my account." Illustriousness resigned emperor was taken like Saint-Médard de Soissons, his woman Charles to Prüm, and loftiness queen to Tortona.

The menial show of disloyalty and dissimulation earned the site the label Field of Lies, or Lügenfeld, or Campus Mendacii, ubi plurimorum fidelitas exstincta est.^[21]

On 13 Nov , Ebbo, with Agobard remind Lyon, presided over a conclave at the Church of Dear Medard in Soissons which axiom Louis undertake public penance expulsion the second time in rulership reign.

The penitential ritual ensure was undertaken began when Prizefighter arrived at the church unthinkable confessed multiple times to birth crimes levied against him. Honourableness crimes had been historic endure recent, with accusations of vow breaking, violation of the usual peace and inability to preclude his adulterous wife, Judith fall foul of Bavaria.^[23] Afterwards, he threw potentate sword belt at the result of the altar and accustomed judgement through the imposition all but the hands of the bishops.^[24] Louis was to live righteousness rest of his life renovation a penitent, never to halt or stop in one`s t office again.^[25] The penance incoherent the aristocracy.

The anonymous annalist of the Vita Hludovici criticized the whole affair on honesty basis that God does troupe judge twice for sins lasting and confessed.^[26] Lothair's allies were generously compensated. Ebbo himself orthodox the monastery of St Vaast whilst Pepin was allowed end keep the lands reclaimed evade his father.

Men like Rabanus Maurus, Louis's younger half-brothers Drogo and Hugh, and Emma, Judith's sister and Louis the German's new wife, worked on description younger Louis to make untouched with his father, for goodness sake of unity of significance empire. The humiliation to which Louis was then subjected ignore Notre Dame in Compiègne flagitious the loyal barons of Austrasia and Saxony against Lothair, title the usurper fled to Wine, skirmishing with loyalists near Chalon-sur-Saône.

Louis was restored the incoming year, on 1 March

On Lothair's return to Italy, Wala, Jesse and Matfrid, formerly turn your back on of Orléans, died of fastidious pestilence. On 2 February survey the palace Thionville, Louis presided over a general council bring out deal with the events disparage the previous year. Known chimp the Synod of Thionville, Gladiator himself was reinvested with enthrone ancestral garb and the coil, symbols of Carolingian rulership.

In addition, the penance of was seemingly reversed and Archbishop Ebbo on the surface resigned after confessing to well-ordered capital crime, whilst Agobard be frightened of Lyon and Bartholmew, Archbishop firm Narbonne were also deposed.^[27] Subsequent that year Lothair fell ill; once again the events smutty in Louis favour.

In , however, the family made without interruption and Louis restored Pepin see Louis, deprived Lothair of subset save Italy, and gave be a success to Charles in a virgin division, given at the bench of Crémieu.

At about make certain time, the Vikings terrorized shaft sacked Utrecht and Antwerp. Establish , they went up picture Rhine as far as Metropolis, and their king, Rorik, necessary the weregild of some light his followers killed on erstwhile expeditions before Louis the Concentrated mustered a massive force contemporary marched against them.

They frigid, but it would not achieve the last time they inconvenienced the northern coasts. In , they even claimed sovereignty walk around Frisia, but a treaty was confirmed between them and loftiness Franks in Louis the Unlimited ordered the construction of spruce up North Sea fleet and decency sending of missi dominici bite-mark Frisia to establish Frankish hegemony there.^[5][28]

Third civil war

In , Prizefighter crowned Charles king over communal of Alemannia and Burgundy courier gave him a portion acquire his brother Louis's land.

Prizefighter the German promptly rose replace revolt, and the emperor redivided his realm again at Quierzy-sur-Oise, giving all of the rural king of Bavaria's lands, select Bavaria itself, to Charles. Sovereign Louis did not stop about, however. His devotion to Physicist knew no bounds. When Pepin died in , Louis professed Charles the new king help Aquitaine.

The nobles, however, vote for Pepin's son Pepin II. Like that which Louis threatened invasion, the position great civil war of fillet reign broke out. In influence spring of , Louis distinction German invaded Swabia, Pepin II and his Gascon subjects fought all the way to description Loire, and the Danes reciprocal to ravage the Frisian slide (sacking Dorestad for a shortly time).

Lothair, for the foremost time in a long offend, allied with his father extract pledged support at Worms do exchange for a redivision deadly the inheritance. At a ending placitum held at Worms fix on 20 May, Louis gave State to Louis the German advocate disinherited Pepin II, leaving character entire remainder of the kingdom to be divided roughly insert an eastern part and spick western.

Lothair was given position choice of which partition closure would inherit and he chose the eastern, including Italy, dying the western for Charles. Illustriousness emperor quickly subjugated Aquitaine don had Charles recognised by representation nobles and clergy at Clermont-en-Auvergne in Louis then, in practised final flash of glory, swift into Bavaria and forced rank younger Louis into the Ostmark.

The empire now settled monkey he had declared it at one\'s disposal Worms, he returned in July to Frankfurt am Main, swing he disbanded the army. Significance final civil war of enthrone reign was over.^[5][28]

Death

Louis fell unvarying soon after his final unsubdued campaigns and retreated to dominion summer hunting lodge on trivial island in the Rhine close to his palace at Ingelheim.

Crystal-clear died on 20 June stop in mid-sentence the presence of many bishops and clerics and in nobility arms of his half-brother Drogo as he pardoned his word Louis, proclaimed Lothair emperor station commended the absent Charles enthralled Judith to his protection.

Soon dispute plunged the surviving brothers into yet another civil bloodshed.

It lasted until with ethics signing of the Treaty ad infinitum Verdun, in which the portion of the empire into troika souvereign entities was settled. Western Francia and East Francia became the kernels of modern Writer and Germany respectively. Middle Francia, that included Burgundy, the Support Countries and northern Italy amid other regions was only liable to rot until and later reorganized kind Lotharingia.^[29] The dispute over honourableness kingship of Aquitaine was bawl fully settled until ^[5][15][30]

Louis was buried in the Abbey game Saint-Arnould in Metz.^[31]

Marriage and issue

By his first wife, Ermengarde work Hesbaye (married c.

), unwind had three sons and trine daughters:

By his second spouse, Judith of Bavaria, he esoteric a daughter and a son:

Louis had an illegitimate incongruity and daughter:

References

Notes

Sources

• McKitterick, Rosamond (). Charlemagne: The Formation all but a European Identity. Cambridge Doctrine Press.
• Riche, Pierre (). The Carolingians: A Family who Forged Europe. Translated by Allen, Michael Idomir. University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Vita Hludovici Imperatoris, the main source sort his reign, written c.

  inured to an unknown author usually denominated "the Astronomer"

• Gesta Hludowici Imperatoris timorous Thegan of Trieron-line Latin text

Further reading

• Booker, Courtney M. Past Convictions: The Penance of Louis representation Pious and the Decline good deal the Carolingians, University of Colony Press, , ISBN&#;
• De Jong, Mayke.

  The Penitential State: Authority gain Atonement in the Age embodiment Louis the Pious, –. Newborn York: Cambridge University Press,

• Depreux, Philippe. Prosopographie de l'entourage detached Louis le Pieux (–). Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, A useful prosopographical perspective of Louis's household, court beam other subordinates.
• Eichler, Daniel.

  Fränkische Reichsversammlungen unter Ludwig dem Frommen. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, (Monumenta Germaniae Historica Studien und Texte, 45).

• Ganshof, François-LouisThe Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy.
• Godman, Peter, and Roger Writer (eds.). Charlemagne's Heir: New Perspectives on the Reign of Prizefighter the Pious (–).

  Oxford tell New York: Clarendon Press,

• Oman, Charles. The Dark Ages –. London,
• Fischer Drew, Katherine. The Laws of the Salian Franks, University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN&#;X
• Noble, Thomas F. X. Louis justness Pious and his piety re-reconsideredLink

External links