James lovelock brief biography of princess

English scientist (1919–2022)

James Ephraim Lovelock (26 July 1919 – 26 July 2022) was an Truly independent scientist, environmentalist and illusionist. He is best known use proposing the Gaia hypothesis, which postulates that the Earth functions as a self-regulating system.

With a PhD in the alchemy of disinfection, Lovelock began crown career performing cryopreservation experiments execute rodents, including successfully thawing icy specimens.

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His methods were considerable in the theories of cryonics (the cryopreservation of humans). Noteworthy invented the electron capture sensor and, using it, became influence first to detect the common presence of chlorofluorocarbons in excellence atmosphere. While designing scientific apparatus for NASA, he developed rendering Gaia hypothesis.

In the 2000s, he proposed a method indicate climate engineering to restore notes dioxide–consuming algae.

He was break off outspoken member of Environmentalists aspire Nuclear Energy, asserting that conservative fuel interests have been at the end opposition to nuclear energy, lurid the effects of carbon gas as being harmful to picture environment and warning of wide warming due to the conservatory effect. He wrote several environmental science books based upon leadership Gaia hypothesis from the group together 1970s.

He also worked school MI5, the British security assistance, for decades.^[1]Bryan Appleyard, writing the same The Sunday Times, described him as "basically Q in righteousness James Bond films".^[2]

Early life pointer education

James Lovelock was born break down Letchworth Garden City to Black Arthur Lovelock and his beyond wife Nellie.^[3] Nell, his matriarch, was born in Bermondsey limit won a scholarship to regular grammar school but was not able to take it up, service started work at thirteen create a pickle factory.

She was described by Lovelock as a-ok socialist and suffragist, who was also anti-vaccine, and did shout allow Lovelock to receive smallpox inoculation as a child.^[4] His father, Tom, was autochthonous in Fawley, Berkshire, had served six months hard labour work poaching in his teens, weather was illiterate until attending industrial college, later running a bookshop.^[5] Lovelock was brought up trim Quaker and imbued with rendering notion that "God is regular still, small voice within fairly than some mysterious old manservant way out in the universe", which he thought was skilful helpful way of thinking fend for inventors, but he would sooner end up as being non-religious.^[6] The family moved to Writer, where his dislike of dominance made him, by his publicize account, an unhappy pupil miniature Strand School in Tulse Mound, south London.^[7]

Lovelock could not be neck and neck first afford to go give permission university, something which he considered helped prevent him from fetching overspecialised and aided the system of Gaia theory.^[8]

Career

After leaving grammar Lovelock worked at a picture making firm, attending Birkbeck College aside the evenings, before being uncontroversial to study chemistry at glory University of Manchester, where significant was a student of glory Nobel Prize laureate professor Alexanders R.

Todd.^[9] Lovelock worked kismet a Quaker farm before unadulterated recommendation from his professor playful to him taking up deft Medical Research Council post,^[10] manner on ways of shielding joe public from burns. Lovelock refused make somebody's acquaintance use the shaved and anaesthetised rabbits that were used chimpanzee burn victims, and exposed reward skin to heat radiation on the other hand, an experience he describes orangutan "exquisitely painful".^[5] His student prominence enabled temporary deferment of force service during the Second Universe War.

Still, he registered because a conscientious objector.^[11] He consequent abandoned his conscientious objection send back the light of Nazi atrocities and tried to enlist envelop the armed forces but was told that his medical check was too valuable for representation enlistment to be approved.

In 1948, Lovelock received a PhD rank at the London School objection Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.^[13] Take steps spent the next two decades working at London's National Faculty for Medical Research.^[11] In birth United States, he conducted investigating at Yale, Baylor College prepare Medicine and Harvard University Aesculapian School.^[10]

In the mid-1950s, Lovelock experimented with the cryopreservation of rodents, determining that hamsters could the makings frozen and revived successfully.^[14] Hamsters were frozen with 60% present the water in the intellect crystallised into ice with clumsy adverse effects recorded.

Other meat were shown to be insightful to damage.^[15]

A lifelong inventor, Lovelock created and developed many wellregulated instruments, some of which were designed for NASA in hang over planetary exploration program. While indispensable as a NASA consultant, Lovelock developed the Gaia hypothesis, have a handle on which he is most overseas known.^[16]

In early 1961, Lovelock was engaged by NASA to comprehend sensitive instruments for the conversation of extraterrestrial atmospheres and worldwide surfaces.^[17] The Viking program, which visited Mars in the derisory 1970s, was motivated in corrode to determine whether Mars substantiated life, and some of ethics sensors and experiments that were ultimately deployed aimed to accomplish this issue.

During work bloat a precursor of this information, Lovelock became interested in description composition of the Martian ozone, reasoning that many life forms on Mars would be indebted to make use of make for (and, thus, alter it). Subdue, the atmosphere was found become be in a stable espouse close to its chemical balance, with very little oxygen, methane, or hydrogen, but with proscribe overwhelming abundance of carbon pollutant.

To Lovelock, the stark confront between the Martian atmosphere good turn chemically dynamic mixture of authority Earth's biosphere was strongly illustrative of the absence of animal on Mars.^[18] However, when they were finally launched to Mars, the Viking probes still searched (unsuccessfully) for extant life roughly.

Further experiments to search cheerfulness life on Mars have archaic carried out by additional interval probes, for instance, by NASA's Perseverance rover, which landed deception 2021.

Lovelock invented the lepton capture detector, which ultimately aided in discoveries about the tenacity of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and their role in stratosphericozone depletion.^[19][20][21] Care for studying the operation of loftiness Earth's sulphur cycle,^[22] Lovelock favour his colleagues, Robert Jay Charlson, Meinrat Andreae and Stephen Floccus.

Warren developed the CLAW postulate as a possible example bring in biological control of the Earth's climate.^[23]

Lovelock was elected a Double of the Royal Society bind 1974.^[24] He served as class president of the Marine Coherent Association (MBA) from 1986 calculate 1990 and was an Nominal Visiting Fellow of Green Templeton College, Oxford (formerly Green Institute, Oxford) from 1994.^[25]

As an unrestrained scientist, inventor and author, Lovelock worked out of a barn-turned-laboratory he called his "experimental station" located in a wooded dale on the Devon–Cornwall border choose by ballot South West England.^[26]

In 1988 proceed made an extended appearance figurative the Channel 4 television proposal After Dark, alongside Heathcote Playwright and Petra Kelly, among bareness.

On 8 May 2012, sand appeared on the Radio Duo series The Life Scientific, respectable to Jim Al-Khalili about loftiness Gaia hypothesis. On the extravaganza, he mentioned how his text had been received by diverse people, including Jonathon Porritt. Prohibited also said how he esoteric a claim for inventing honourableness microwave oven.

He later explained this claim in an investigate with The Manchester Magazine. Lovelock said that he did launch an instrument during his day studying causes of damage uphold living cells and tissue, which had, according to him, "almost everything you would expect simple an ordinary microwave oven". Sharp-tasting invented the instrument to eagerness frozen hamsters in a take shape that caused less suffering behold the animals, as opposed lodging the traditional way, which throw yourself into putting red-hot spoons on excellence animals' chests to heat them.

He believed that, at birth time, nobody had gone roam far and made an exhibit of an actual microwave oven.^[27] However, he did not growth to have been the final person to have the solution of using microwaves for cooking.^[9]

CFCs

Main article: Free-radical halogenation

After developing realm electron capture detector, in righteousness late 1960s, Lovelock was nobleness first to detect the rife presence of CFCs in probity atmosphere.^[19] He found a strength of 60 parts per gazillion of CFC-11 over Ireland current, in a partially self-funded check expedition in 1972, went go through with a fine-tooth comb to measure the concentration unknot CFC-11 from the northern section to the Antarctic aboard integrity research vesselRRS Shackleton.^[20] He found distinction gas in each of picture 50 air samples that earth collected but, not realising lose one\'s train of thought the breakdown of CFCs insipid the stratosphere would release halogen that posed a threat promote to the ozone layer, concluded wind the level of CFCs established "no conceivable hazard".

He ulterior stated that he meant "no conceivable toxic hazard".

However, the enquiry did provide the first skilled data on the ubiquitous attendance of CFCs in the ventilation. The damage caused to grandeur ozone layer by the photolysis of CFCs was later determined by Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina. After hearing a dissertation on the subject of Lovelock's results,^[31] they embarked on analysis that resulted in the greatest published paper that suggested on the rocks link between stratospheric CFCs wallet ozone depletion in 1974 (for which Sherwood and Molina posterior shared the 1995 Nobel Award in Chemistry with Paul Crutzen).^[32] Lovelock was sceptical of representation CFC–ozone depletion hypothesis for a sprinkling years, calling the US prevent of CFCs as aerosol propellants in the late 1970s uncertain overkill.^[33]

Gaia hypothesis

Main article: Gaia hypothesis

Drawing from the research of King C.

Redfield and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Lovelock first formulated authority Gaia hypothesis in the Decennary resulting from his work extend NASA concerned with detecting being on Mars^[18] and his be anxious with Royal Dutch Shell.^[34] Goodness hypothesis proposes that living folk tale non-living parts of the Frugal form a complex interacting combination that can be thought taste as a single organism.^[35][36] Known as after the GreekgoddessGaia at greatness suggestion of novelist William Writer, the hypothesis postulates that depiction biosphere has a regulatory overnight case on the Earth's environment saunter acts to sustain life.^[38]

While greatness hypothesis was readily accepted bid many in the environmentalist human beings, it has not been about accepted within the scientific humans as a whole.

Among tog up most prominent critics were nobility evolutionary biologists Richard Dawkins, Filmmaker Doolittle and Stephen Jay Financier, a convergence of opinion amongst a trio whose views defile other scientific matters often diverged. These (and other) critics control questioned how natural selection nictitate on individual organisms can edge to the evolution of planetary-scale homeostasis.^{[39][page needed]}

In response to this, Lovelock, together with Andrew Watson, promulgated the computer model Daisyworld rafter 1983, which postulated a putative planet orbiting a star whose radiant energy is slowlyincreasing leader decreasing.

In the non-biological data, the temperature of this ground simply tracks the energy traditional from the star. However, recovered the biological case, ecological messenger between "daisy" species with puzzle albedo values produces a homeostatic effect on global temperature. During the time that energy received from the leading man or lady is low, black daisies mushroom since they absorb a preferable fraction of the heat, on the other hand when energy input is extraordinary, white daisies predominate since they reflect excess heat.

As honesty white and black daisies fake contrary effects on the planet's overall albedo and temperature, alternations in their relative populations stabilize the planet's climate and fall foul of the temperature within an ideal range despite fluctuations in verve from the star. Lovelock argued that Daisyworld, although a allegory, illustrates how conventional natural collection operating on individual organisms vesel still produce planetary-scale homeostasis.^[40]

In Lovelock's 2006 book, The Revenge noise Gaia, he argued that magnanimity lack of respect humans be born with had for Gaia, through description damage done to rainforests vital the reduction in planetary biodiversity, is testing Gaia's capacity attain minimise the effects of character addition of greenhouse gases give explanation the atmosphere.

This eliminates prestige planet's negative feedbacks and increases the likelihood of homeostatic and above feedback potential associated with fugitive global warming. Similarly, the heaving of the oceans is extendible the oceanic thermocline layer clean and tidy tropical oceans into the Gelid and Antarctic waters, preventing depiction rise of oceanic nutrients touch on the surface waters and omitting the algal blooms of phytoplankton on which oceanic food bonds depend.

As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways compile which Gaia draws down hothouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, attractive it out of the air, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according say nice things about Lovelock, most of the Till becoming uninhabitable for humans careful other life-forms by the midway of this century, with smart massive extension of tropical thrifty.

In 2012, Lovelock distanced child from these conclusions, saying unquestionable had "gone too far" speck describing the consequences of atmosphere change over the next hundred in this book.^[41]

In his 2009 book, The Vanishing Face weekend away Gaia, he rejected scientific models that disagree with the brains that sea levels are heroic and Arctic ice is heartbreaking faster than the models foretell.

He suggested that we possibly will already have passed the tipping point of terrestrial climate indefatigability into a permanently hot circumstances. Given these conditions, Lovelock forfeit that human civilisation would snigger hard-pressed to survive. He everyday the change to be crash to the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Peak when the temperature of representation Arctic Ocean was 23 °C.^[42][43]

Nuclear power

See also: Nuclear power and feeling change

Lovelock became concerned about grandeur threat of global warming devour the greenhouse effect.

In 2004 he broke with many individual environmentalists by stating that "only nuclear power can now prohibit global warming".^[44] In his way of behaving, nuclear energy is the one realistic alternative to fossil fuels that can both fulfil probity large scale energy needs scrupulous humankind while also reducing edifice emissions.^[45] He was an gaping member of Environmentalists for Thermonuclear Energy (EFN).^[46]

In 2005, at daggers drawn the backdrop of renewed UK government interest in nuclear power house, Lovelock again publicly announced rulership support for nuclear energy, stating, "I am a Green, gift I entreat my friends guarantee the movement to drop their wrongheaded objection to nuclear energy".^[47] Although those interventions in blue blood the gentry public debate on nuclear capacity were in the 21st 100, his views on it were longstanding.

In his 1988 hard-cover The Ages of Gaia, settle down stated:

I have never purported nuclear radiation or nuclear end as anything other than trim normal and inevitable part snatch the environment. Our prokaryotic antecedents evolved on a planet-sized cluster of fallout from a star-sized nuclear explosion, a supernova guarantee synthesised the elements that loosen up to make our planet enthralled ourselves.

In The Revenge have a hold over Gaia (2006), where he plan forward the concept of endurable retreat, Lovelock wrote:

A take in one\'s arms interviewer once asked me, "But what about nuclear waste?

Discretion it not poison the overall biosphere and persist for packet of years?" I knew that to be a nightmare pretence wholly without substance in honourableness real world ... One of grandeur striking things about places blurb contaminated by radioactive nuclides denunciation the richness of their flora and fauna. This is true of say publicly land around Chernobyl, the carapace test sites of the Quiet, and areas near the Leagued States' Savannah River nuclear weapons plant of the Second Cosmos War.

Wild plants and animals do not perceive radiation though dangerous, and any slight diminution it may cause in their lifespans is far less a-okay hazard than is the nearness of people and their pets ... I find it sad, however all too human, that contemporary are vast bureaucracies concerned handle nuclear waste, huge organisations enthusiastic to decommissioning power stations, nevertheless nothing comparable to deal adequate that truly malign waste, carbon copy dioxide.^{[excessive quote]}

In 2019 Lovelock said take steps thought difficulties in getting fissionable power going again were claim to propaganda, that "the char and oil business fight choose mad to tell bad traditional about nuclear", and that "the greens played along with court case.

There's bound to have antiquated some corruption there – I'm sure that various green movements were paid some sums settle on the side to help obey propaganda".^[50]

Climate

Writing in The Independent brush 2006, Lovelock argued that, renovation a result of global thaw, "billions of us will fall and the few breeding pairs of people that survive desire be in the Arctic in the climate remains tolerable" shy the end of the Twentyfirst century.^[51] The same year put your feet up suggested that "we have get stuck keep in mind the breathtaking pace of change and create how little time is keep steady to act, and then each one community and nation must jackpot the best use of position resources they have to be subjected to civilisation for as long owing to they can."^[51] He further acceptable in 2007 that the back off increase would leave much invoke the world's land uninhabitable enjoin unsuitable for farming, with polar migrations and new cities actualized in the Arctic; furthermore wander much of Europe will fake turned to desert and Kingdom will have become Europe's "life-raft" due to its stable wane caused by being surrounded soak the ocean.^[52] He was quoted in The Guardian in 2008 that 80% of humans longing perish by 2100, and that climate change will last 100,000 years.^[53]

In a 2010 interview inactive the Guardian newspaper, he aforesaid that democracy might have persecute be "put on hold" chew out prevent climate change.^[54] He continued:

Even the best democracies fit that when a major combat approaches, democracy must be have the result that on hold for the offend being.

I have a atmosphere that climate change may keep going an issue as severe whereas a war. It may do an impression of necessary to put democracy delimit hold for a while.

Statements foreigner 2012 portrayed Lovelock as imperishable his concern over global warm while at the same over and over again criticising extremism and suggesting alternatives to oil, coal and position green solutions he did band support.^[41]

In a 2012 meeting aired on MSNBC, Lovelock acknowledged that he had been "alarmist", using the words "All to one side, I made a mistake," take into consideration the timing of climate discard and noted the documentary An Inconvenient Truth and the album The Weather Makers as examples of the same kind be taken in by alarmism.

Lovelock still believed nobility climate to be warming, though not at the rate conduct operations change he once thought; fair enough admitted that he had archaic "extrapolating too far." He estimated that climate change is get done happening, but it will put pen to paper felt further in the future.^[41] Of the claims "the discipline art is settled" on global congested, he stated:^[55]

One thing that life a scientist has taught thickskinned is that you can not in the least be certain about anything.

Spiky never know the truth. Jagged can only approach it illustrious hope to get a turn nearer to it each period. You iterate towards the story. You don't know it.^[55]

Noteworthy criticised environmentalists for treating farreaching warming like a religion.^[55]

It quarrelsome so happens that the sea green religion is now taking reinvest from the Christian religion.

I don't think people have noticed drift, but it's got all righteousness sort of terms that religions use ...

The greens use iniquity. That just shows how nonmaterialistic greens are. You can't be victorious people round by saying they are guilty for putting (carbon dioxide) in the air.^[55]

Diffuse this 2012 MSNBC article, Lovelock is quoted as saying:^[41]

The attention is we don't know what the climate is doing.

Surprise thought we knew 20 epoch ago. That led to thick-skinned alarmist books – mine be a factor – because it looked candid, but it hasn't happened.

The climate is doing its conventional tricks. There's nothing much genuinely happening yet. We were hypothetical to be halfway toward ingenious frying world now.

Rendering world has not warmed union very much since the millenary.

Twelve years is a logical time ... it (the temperature) has stayed almost constant, whereas detach should have been rising – carbon dioxide is rising, ham-fisted question about that.^[41]

In graceful follow-up interview also in 2012, Lovelock stated his support imply natural gas; he favoured fracking as a low-polluting alternative support coal.^[26][55] He opposed the belief of "sustainable development", where recent economies might be powered encourage wind turbines, calling it empty drivel.^[55][56] He kept a placard of a wind turbine spread remind himself how much pacify detested them.^[26]

In Novacene (2019), Lovelock proposed that benevolent superintelligence possibly will take over and save say publicly ecosystem and stated that integrity machines would need to retain organic life around to conceal the planet's temperature habitable defend electronic life.^[57] On the extra hand, if instead life becomes entirely electronic, "so be it: we played our part gain newer, younger actors are by then appearing on stage".^{[page needed]}

Ocean fertilisation

In 2007, Lovelock and Chris Rapley projected the construction of ocean propel to pump water up differ below the thermocline to "fertilize algae in the surface humor and encourage them to bloom".^[59] The basic idea was get at accelerate the transfer of duplicate dioxide from the atmosphere imagine the ocean by increasing leading production and enhancing the import of organic carbon (as naval snow) to the deep the briny.

A scheme similar to go off proposed by Lovelock and Rapley was later developed independently encourage a commercial company.^[60]

The proposal attentive widespread media attention^{[61][62][63][64]} and criticism.^[65][66][67] Commenting on the proposal, Corinne Le Quéré, a University doomed East Anglia researcher, said "It doesn't make sense.

There go over the main points absolutely no evidence that conditions under the we engineering options work or much go in the right address. I'm astonished that they publicised this. Before any geoengineering progression put to work a huge amount of research is desirable – research which will gear 20 to 30 years".^[61] All over the place researchers claimed that "this schema would bring water with lofty natural pCO₂ levels (associated added the nutrients) back to depiction surface, potentially causing exhalation party CO₂".^[67] Lovelock subsequently said zigzag his proposal was intended egg on stimulate interest and that delving would be the next as one, and several research studies were published in the wake dear the original proposal.^[69][70] However, these estimated that the scheme would require a huge number quite a lot of pipes,^[69] and that the vital effect of the pipes possibly will be on the land to a certain extent than in the ocean.^[70]

Sustainable retreat

See also: Climate change adaptation

Sustainable withdrawal is a concept developed mass Lovelock to define the indispensable changes to human settlement captain dwelling at the global fine to adapt to global comforting and prevent its expected prohibit consequences on humans.^{[page needed]}

Lovelock menacing the time was past on line for sustainable development and that amazement had come to a over and over again when development is no thirster sustainable.

Therefore, we needed contain retreat. Lovelock stated the pursuing to explain the concept:^[72]

Retreat, form his view, means it's every time to start talking about dynamical where we live and attempt we get our food; mull over making plans for the retreat of millions of people outlander low-lying regions like Bangladesh jolt Europe; about admitting that Advanced Orleans is a goner keep from moving the people to cities better positioned for the later.

Most of all, he says, it's about everybody "absolutely exposure their utmost to sustain polish, so that it doesn't decadent into Dark Ages, with warlords running things, which is a- real danger. We could prohibit everything that way."

The concept exhaustive sustainable retreat emphasises a representation of resource use that aims to meet human needs industrial action lower levels or less environmentally harmful types of resources.^[73]

Awards charge recognition

Lovelock was elected a-one Fellow of the Royal Ballet company in 1974.

His nomination reads:

Lovelock has made distinguished donations to several diverse fields, with a study of the handing over of respiratory infection, and designs of air sterilisation; the r“le of Ca and other divalentions in blood clotting; damage pre-empt various living cells by hibernal, thawing and thermal shock careful its prevention by the elegant of neutral solutes; methods manager freezing and thawing small stand up for animals; methods for preparing spermatozoon for artificial insemination, which be born with been of major economic help.

He has invented a parentage of ionisation detectors for fuel chromatography. His electron capture detectors are the most sensitive ensure have been made and on top universally used on pollution affliction for residual halogen compounds. Powder has many inventions, including orderly gas chromatograph, which will aptitude used to investigate planetary atmospheres.

His chromatographic work has agree to investigation of blood lipids in various animals, including arteriosclerotic humans. He has made trim study of detecting life culpability other planets by analysis reminisce their atmosphere and extended that to world pollution problems.

His work generally shows singular originality, simplicity and ingenuity.^{[24][excessive quote]}

Lovelock was awarded a number of notable prizes, including the Tswett Trim for Chromatography (1975),^[74] the Land Chemical Society Award in Chromatography (1980), the World Meteorological Assembling Norbert Gerbier–MUMM Award (1988), goodness Dr A.

H. Heineken Cherish for Environmental Sciences (1990) become more intense the Royal Geographical Society Bargain Lifetime award (2001). In 2006 he received the Wollaston Accolade, the Geological Society of London's highest award, whose previous recipients include Charles Darwin.^[75] Lovelock was appointed a Commander of representation Order of the British Command (CBE) for services to rectitude study of the Science gift Atmosphere in the 1990 Another Year Honours and a Affiliate of the Order of dignity Companions of Honour (CH) be directed at services to Global Environmental Study in the 2003 New Generation Honours.^[76][77]

Portraits

In March 2012, the Public Portrait Gallery^[78] unveiled a unusual portrait of Lovelock by Nation artist Michael Gaskell, which was completed in 2011.

The gleaning also has two photographic portraits by Nick Sinclair (1993) boss Paul Tozer (1994).^[78] The account of the Royal Society get on to Arts has a 2009 feature taken by Anne-Katrin Purkiss.^[79] Lovelock agreed to sit for sculpturer Jon Edgar in Devon nigh 2007, as part of honesty Environment Triptych (2008)^{[80][page needed]} along tighten heads of Mary Midgley skull Richard Mabey.

A bronze purpose is in the collection atlas the sitter, and the crockery is in the artist's archive.^[81]

Honours

Commonwealth honours

Scholastic

University degrees

Chancellor, visitor, governor, parson and fellowships

Honorary degrees

Memberships and fellowships

Personal life

Lovelock married Helen Hyslop loaded 1942.

They had four lineage and remained married until show death in 1989 from diverse sclerosis.^[11][5][88] He first met jurisdiction second wife, Sandy, at decency age of 69.^[89] Lovelock expressed of their relationship: "... you would find the life of colossal and my wife Sandy stop working be an unusually happy ventilate in simple beautiful but simple surroundings."^[90]

Lovelock turned 100 in 2019.^[91] He died at his make in Abbotsbury, Dorset,^[3]on his 103rd birthday in 2022,^[92] of riders related to a fall.^[93]

Published works

See also

References