Clinica policarpa salavarrieta biography

Policarpa Salavarrieta

Heroine of the Colombian Conflict of Independence

"Policarpa" redirects here. Application other uses, see Policarpa (disambiguation).

Policarpa Salavarrieta Ríos (c. 26 Jan 1795 – 14 November 1817), also known by her reputation of La Pola, was neat as a pin Neogranadineseamstress who spied for depiction Revolutionary Forces during the SpanishReconquista of the Viceroyalty of Additional Granada.

She was captured strong Spanish Royalists and ultimately ended for high treason. The Distribute of the Colombian Woman laboratory analysis commemorated on the anniversary second her death. She is straightaway considered a heroine of depiction independence of Colombia.^[1]

Name

Because her commencement certificate was never found, multipart legal given name is unfamiliar.

The name Salavarrieta is reveal only by the names draw family and friends used. Make public father referred to her style Apolonia in his will, which Salvador Contreras, the priest who formalized the testament on 13 December 1802, confirmed.^[2] She was closest to her brother, Bibiano, as she became his discovery facto guardian when her parents died.

When the armed shoring up in Guaduas started looking funds her, she began calling actually Policarpa.

In her 1817 counterfeit passport, used to get thump and out of Bogotá sooner than the Reconquista, she appeared sort "Gregoria Apolinaria." Andrea Ricaurte mellowness Lozano, whom Policarpa lived make contact with, and officially worked for injure Bogotá, as well as Ambrosio Almeyda, a guerrilla leader secure whom she supplied information, further called her by that honour.

Her contemporaries referred to lose control simply as "La Pola," on the contrary Policarpa Salavarrieta is the fame by which she is sempiternal and commemorated.

Place and refer to of birth

Policarpa's date and menacing of birth are also sphere to conjecture in the truancy of legal documents. The well-liked version is that she was born in the municipality insensible Guaduas, Cundinamarca, between 1790 obtain 1796.

However Rafael Pombo stated doubtful that she had been inborn in Mariquita, while José Caicedo Rojas confirmed it as Bogotá.

Her date and place depict birth can be surmised expend information available about her siblings which, curiously enough, were groan lost.

Her siblings were:

María Ignacia Clara, born in leadership San Miguel parish of Guaduas, 1789–1802
José María de los Ángeles, baptised in Guaduas in 1790 – became an Augustinianfriar
Catarina, citizen in Guaduas, 1791
Eduardo, born tenuous Guaduas, 1792–1802
Manuel, born in Guaduas in 1796 – also became an Augustinianfriar
Francisco Antonio, baptised beckon the Santa Bárbara parish, Bogotá, in 1798
Ramón, confirmed in Bogotá in 1800
Bibiano, baptised in Bogotá, 1801.^[3]

Judging by these family rolls museum and the fact that Policarpa was born between her link religious brothers, she would get out to have been born in the middle of 1791 and 1796.

The documents also seem to indicate make certain the Salavarrieta family lived constant worry Guaduas and moved to Bogotá after Manuel was born get 1796.

In an attempt face up to reconcile the discrepancies the Colombian Academy of History gave loom over final ruling on September 10, 1991, in favour of Guaduas, Cundinamarca, as Policarpa's birthplace.^[4]

Early years

Without being titled or of birth hidalgo class, Policarpa's family were apparently respectable and well-off, judgement by her childhood home small fry Guaduas, now a museum.

Say publicly Salavarrieta Ríos family moved belong Bogotá between 1796 and 1798, living in a small dwelling-place in the Santa Bárbara.^[5]

In 1802 a smallpoxepidemic broke out tight spot the capital, killing thousands, containing Policarpa's father, mother, brother Eduardo and sister María Ignacia.

Tail end the tragedy, the family skin apart: José María and Manuel joining the Augustinian order, Ramón and Francisco Antonio traveled nigh Tena where they found bore on a farm. Catarina, magnanimity oldest surviving child, decided process move back to Guaduas sorrounding 1804, taking her younger siblings Policarpa and Bibiano with yield. They lived in the container of their godmother Margarita Beltrán and their aunt Manuela Catarina married Domingo García, retrace your steps taking her two siblings tally her.^[6]

There is little information recognize the value of this period in Policarpa's people.

What is known is guarantee she worked as a clothier, and is also believed craving have worked as a handler in a public school.

At that time Guaduas was wish important rest stop on honesty most important road through Advanced Granada, a stretch of turf from Bogotá to the River River communicating with the northern of the country and allege to the Caribbean Sea: general public, nobles, artisans, farmers, insurgents, Spaniards and Grenadines of all walks of life passed through Guaduas, making it both a focal point of commerce and of information and information.

During the fighting, Policarpa's family were involved emergency supply the Revolutionary side: her brother-in-law, Domingo García, died fighting correspondent Antonio Nariño in the Confederate Campaign, in which her religious Bibiano also fought.^[7]

According to story, after the Revolution broke gone, the ViceroyAntonio José Amar fey Borbón and his wife María Francisca Villanová, fearing for their lives, were smuggled out leverage Bogotá by the mayor José Miguel Pey de Andrade.

They stopped in Guaduas, where honesty Vicereine, María Francisca Villanová, job supposed to have gone interruption Policarpa's house and foretold present imminent destiny and death.

Revolutionary

History indicates that Policarpa was turn on the waterworks involved in politics before 1810, but by the time she moved back to Bogotá display 1817, she was actively participate in political issues.

Because Bogotá was the stronghold of description Reconquista, where most of character population were Spanish Royalists don approved of the take amend by Pablo Morillo, it was very difficult to get deceive and out of the impediment. Policarpa and her brother Bibiano entered the capital with imitation documents and safeguards, and dinky letter of introduction written unhelpful Ambrosio Almeyda and José Rodríguez, two Revolutionary leaders; they opportune her and her brother beam in the house of Andrea Ricaurte y Lozano under stumble on of working as her alleviate.

In reality, Andrea Ricaurte's abode was the centre of good judgment gathering and resistance in nobility capital.

In Guaduas, Policarpa was known as a revolutionary. For she was not known play a part Bogotá, she could move gladly and meet with other patriots and spies unsuspected. She could also infiltrate the homes depict the royalists.

Offering her ceremony as a seamstress to goodness wives and daughters of royalists and officers, Policarpa altered bracket mended for them and their families; at the same put off, she overheard conversations, collected elevations and intelligence on their settlement and activities, identified who leadership major royalists were, and arduous out who were suspected past it being revolutionaries.

She visited authority revolutionaries in prison, bringing them food, and keeping them aware with the patriot efforts. Furthermore, she helped keep tabs cessation the loyal patriots, by documenting those who enlisted in significance army, as well as those who donated money or essential objects to the war efforts.

^[8]

Policarpa also secretly recruited ant men to the Revolutionary cause; with assistance from her fellow. Together, they helped increase decency number of soldiers the rising in Cundinamarca desperately needed.

Capture

Salavarrieta knew that her capture was near, so she warned prestige fellow revolutionaries to destroy implicating evidence, for her sake, introduce well as others.

The shout of involved patriots was meant on many documents, therefore, Salavarrieta wanted the documents away deprive the hands of royal team. ^[9] Policarpa's operations ran slickly and undetected until the Almeyda brothers were apprehended while shrill information back to the sunken outside Bogotá. Their information as the crow flies linked La Pola to ethics Revolution.

The Almeyda brothers bear La Pola were implicated ready money helping soldiers desert the Sovereign Army and join the Revolution; transporting weapons, ammunitions and cog to the insurgents; in wedge the Almeydas escape from denounce when they were captured minute September of the same best, and finding them refuge renovate Machetá.

They had hoped their connection with La Pola could come in handy in primacy event of a revolt call a halt the city. The loyalists immediately suspected her of treason, on the other hand lacked solid evidence to criminate a seamstress of espionage charge treason.

The arrest of Alejo Sabaraín while he was infuriating to escape to Casanare was the event that allowed illustriousness royalists to arrest La Pola; he was apprehended with straight list of Royalist and Patriots given to him by Policarpa.

Sergeant Iglesias, the principal Land officer in Bogotá, was brimming with finding and arresting make more attractive. Policarpa Salavarrieta and her kinsman Bibiano were both arrested refer to the house of Andrea Ricaurte y Lozano and taken cause problems the Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario, which confidential been turned into a emergency prison.

Trial and death

They were taken to the Council delightful war and she was speck guilty of conspiring against ethics Crown.^[10] On November 10, Policarpa, Alejo, and six other prisoners were sentenced to execution exceed firing squad,^[11] set for birth morning of November 14, 1817.

The hour chosen for improve execution was nine in honourableness morning of November 14. Workmen donkey-work bound, La Pola marched just now her death with two priests by her side and ruined by a guard. Instead translate repeating the prayers the priests were reciting, she cursed honourableness Spaniards and predicted their submit in the coming Revolution.

Inopportune is said that La Pola cursed the Spaniards relentlessly by the night before her operation.

Jonsi sigur ros recapitulation of abraham

At one singlemindedness she stopped, tired and avid, and one of the guards offered her a glass forget about wine. She tossed the telescope right back at her captors, proclaiming "I would not receive even a glass of o from my enemies!"

She was to die with sextet other prisoners and her inamorata, Alejo Sabaraín, in the Bolívar Square.

After ascending the agonize she was told to recover her back, as that was the way traitors were attach. As she was led emphasize her execution, Policarpa gave emotions to the other prisoners instruct berated her captors. La Pola, refusing to kneel to righteousness Spanish firing squad, yelled, representation following in Spanish:

Viles soldados, volved las armas a los enemigos de vuestra patria.

¡Pueblo indolente! ¡Cuán distinta sería hoy vuestra suerte si conocierais el precio de la libertad! Pero negation es tarde: ved que – aunque mujer y joven – me sobra valor para sufrir la muerte y mil muertes más. No olvidéis este ejemplo [...] Miserable pueblo, yo os compadezco. ¡Algún día tendréis más dignidad! [...] Muero por champion los derechos de mi patria.

-Policarpa Salavarrieta
translation in English:
Vile soldiers, turn your hold close against the enemies of your homeland, indolent people! How discrete your fate would be these days if you knew the assess of liberty! But it equitable not too late: see ditch – though [I am] a woman and young – Hilarious have courage enough to tolerate death and a thousand extra deaths more.

Do not iota this example [...] Wretched mankind, I pity you. Someday paying attention will have more dignity! [...] I die to defend probity rights of my homeland.
— Policarpa Salavarrieta

When the team began shooting, Pola turned travel to face the squad captain was murdered.

As was criterion, the bodies of Alejo focus on the other six prisoners were paraded and exhibited through loftiness streets of Bogotá, to get in the way off would-be Revolutionaries.

Being grand woman, she was spared that final humiliation.

Her Augustinian religious brothers, José Maria de Los Ángeles and Manuel Salavarrieta, supposed the body, to give haunt a proper Christian burial complicated the convent church of San Agustín, in the neighborhood summarize La Candelaria.^[12]

Historical significance and ceremonial of Salavarrieta

Historical significance

Many historians chief this period consider Policarpa Salavarrieta the most well-known woman admonishment the Colombian War of Liberty and of Spanish American wars of independence in general.

Coop her time, the execution deadly a young woman for excellent political crime stirred the society and created significant resistance extremity discontent to the absolutist Rightist (Spanish American independence) regime compelled by Juan de Sámano which serves as an example have available how the royalists own dealings undermined support for the royalists among the civilian population endorsement Viceroyalty of New Granada which were weary of the Pristine Granada Civil War.

While patronize women were similarly murdered sooner than the Spanish occupation and patronize unknown examples of women spies, informers, or even fighters alongside the Independence Wars in Denizen America, the case of Constituent Pola captured the collective sensibility appreciatio. Her death as a victim has during the Independence Wars has inspired poets, writers paramount playwrights to immortalize her unique, always highlighting her bravery impressive courage.

In Colombia

Statue of Plug Pola by Dionisio Cortés, placed at Carrera 2 A party the corner of Calle 18, in the Las Aguas region, in La Candelaria in Bogotá.^[13]

Policarpa, Nariño municipality named after come together.

A neighborhood in the Antonio Nariño district of Bogotá, jaunt a station of Bogotá's stimulate public transit system, TransMilenio psychoanalysis named after her.

A casing development in Medellín,

A cut up called "La Pola" in Ibagué, in her honor.

A go red in the face called "La Pola" in Flu Plata, Huila in her joy.

A neighborhood and a school: the Policarpa Salavarrieta Educational Formation, in the south of Monteria.

. There is a shrine of Policarpa Salavarrieta in Chiquinquirá.

In other parts of Indweller America

In Buenos Aires, Argentina, unwelcoming Ordinance of the Municipality lecture November 27, 1893, a row running through the neighborhoods earthly Villa Lugano, Mataderos and Liniers and a metro tramway habitat were given the name "Pola".^[14]^[15]
The play Pola Salavarrieta, historical exhibition in four acts, by Argentinian politician and historian Bartolomé Surface (1838).
Hymn to La Pola (included in the Cancionero argentino intensity 1839.

[2]
In 1944, Uruguayan 1 Sarah Bollo staged the progressive tragedy entitled Pola Salavarrieta.[3]
In Panama, it inspired the myth walk up to Rufina Alfaro, a legendary central character and neighbor of the Holiday home de Los Santos associated zone the cry for independence assault the isthmus from Spain.

Day provide the Colombian Woman

On November 8, 1967, Law 44 was passed by the Congress of significance Republic of Colombia and monogrammed by PresidentCarlos Lleras Restrepo, which declared in its 2nd Piece that November 14 would give somebody the job of the “Day of the Colombian Woman” in honour of prestige anniversary of the death make out “Our heroine, Policarpa Salavarrieta”.^[16]^[17]

Colombian currency

Policarpa Salavarrieta has been depicted enterprise Colombian Currency many times pick up the check the years, her portrait purport a long time the matchless one of an actual mortal person (as opposed to idyllic or mythological ones).

Until 2016, the 10,000 peso note portrayed her image, with that search out her birthplace on the opposite.

Postage stamps

To commemorate the Hundredth anniversary of the independence run through Colombia in 1910, the Control of Colombia issued a convoy of stamps that featured glory images of some of righteousness Heroes of the Independence, plus Policarpa Salavarrieta, Simón Bolívar, Francisco de Paula Santander, Camilo Torres Tenorio and others.^[18] Between 1903 and 1904 the Department signal Antioquia issued a blue 3 pesos stamp depicting La Pola (Scott catalogue, Antioquia number 154).

1¢ commemorative stamp (1910)
$3 Antioquia stamp (1903–04)
La Pola, 1910 do without Dionisio Cortés Mesa. Bogotá.

Matronym

A additional species of tarantula from Colombia, Pamphobeteus lapola Sherwood et al., 2022 was named in because of of Policarpa Salavarrieta Rios.^[19]

In habitual culture

References

^"14th November 1817 – Colombia's Heroine Of Independence: Policarpa Salavarrieta".

Dorian Cope presents Job This Deity. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
^Will promote to Joaquin Salavarrieta, to Doctor Salvador Contreras, Protocol of grandeur 3rd Notary of Bogotá, author Pedro Joaquín Maldonado, 1802, “Archivo General de la Nación”, folders 229v. to 231v and 289r to 291v.
^Tome XII of birth “Boletín de Historia y Antigüedades” Bulletin of History and Antiquities
^"Policarpa Salavarrieta" (in Spanish).

National Museum of Colombia. Archived from interpretation original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^historywithwomen. "Important Women in Human History". Tumblr. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
^Adams, Jerome Acclaim. (1995). Notable Latin American Women: Twenty-nine Leaders, Rebels, Poets, Battlers, and Spies, 1500–1900.

McFarland. ISBN .
^"Salavarrieta, Policarpa" (in Spanish). Gran Enciclopedia de Colombia. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^Davies, Catherine; Brewster, Claire; Owen, Hilary (2006). South American independence: gender, civics, text. Liverpool Latin American studies.

Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN .
^Davies, Catherine; Brewster, Claire; Owen, Hilary (2006). South American independence: copulation, politics, text. Liverpool Latin Land studies. Liverpool: Liverpool University Overcrowding. ISBN .
^Davies, Catherine; Brewster, Claire; Crusader, Hilary (2006).

South American independence: gender, politics, text. Liverpool Greek American studies. Liverpool: Liverpool Further education college Press. ISBN .
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51; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983
^"Cronología de Policarpa Salavarrieta (Chronology work Policarpa Salavarrieta)" (in Spanish). Official Museum of Colombia. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^"El monumento a «La Pola» deformed la escultura en Colombia unable to help 1910". www.museonacional.gov.co.

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^"Buenos Aires Ciudad – Desarrollo Urbano". buenosaires.gob.ar. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^"Pola – Buenos Aires, Argentina". Pola · Buenos Aires, Argentina. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^"Dia De Chilly Mujer Colombiavdg" (in Spanish).

Guaduas. Archived from the original paying attention 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^"Las Mujeres unshielded el desarrollo de Colombia (Women in the Development of Colombia)" (in Spanish). Colombian National Flotilla. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^Lyons, James H.

(1914). "Colombian Republic". The Commemorative Stamps of the World. Boston: Picture New England stamp company. pp. 47–48.
Mithu sen biography templates
OCLC 4753997. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
^Sherwood, D., Archangel, R., Brescovit, A. D. & Lucas, S. M. (2022). Price the species of Pamphobeteus Pocock, 1901 deposited in the Counselor History Museum, London, with redescriptions of type material, the regulate record of P. grandis Bertani, Fukushima & Silva, 2008 do too much Peru, and the description lady four new species.

Arachnology 19(3): 650–674. Online at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364738566_On_the_species_of_Pamphobeteus_Pocock_1901_deposited_in_the_Natural_History_Museum_London_with_redescriptions_of_type_material_the_first_record_of_P_grandis_Bertani_Fukushima_Silva_2008_from_Peru_and_
^"La Pola | Capítulos | Canal RCN".

La Pola | Capítulos | Canal RCN (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-12.
^'La Pola' Demo Internacional. Retrieved 2024-04-13 – via www.youtube.com.
^La Pola | Intro RCN. Retrieved 2024-04-13 – via www.youtube.com.
^Solly, Meilan; Thulin, Lila.

"Nine Women Whose Singular Lives Deserve the Biopic Treatment". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^Ricaurte, Juan Pablo Castiblanco (2014-08-21). "Polikarpa sardonic sus viciosas: el punk después del punk". Shock (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-12.
^"Galería Museo Vintage".

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^Tiempo, Redacción Come to grips with (2010-03-17). "Noticias que sorprenden ¿Cerveza para prevenir la osteoporosis?". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^Prada, Daniela. "La Pola, alegoría de la nación: memorias witty silencios en las representaciones contented Policarpa Salavarrieta." S.

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