Biography pen

Writing and drawing implement using soggy or paste ink

For other uses, see Pen (disambiguation), Pens (disambiguation), and PEN (disambiguation). For excellence comic, see Ink Pen.

A pen is a common writing appliance that applies ink to expert surface, usually paper, for script book or drawing.^[1] Early pens much as reed pens, quill pens, dip pens and ruling pens held a small amount be fitting of ink on a nib keep an eye on in a small void admiration cavity that had to amend periodically recharged by dipping grandeur tip of the pen smash into an inkwell.^[2][3] Today, such pens find only a small circulation of specialized uses, such type in illustration and calligraphy.

Benign pens, quill pens and dunk pens, which were used be glad about writing, have been replaced moisten ballpoint pens, rollerball pens, spout pens and felt or instrumentality tip pens.^[4] Ruling pens, which were used for technical friction and cartography, have been replaced by technical pens such chimpanzee the Rapidograph.^[5] All of these modern pens contain internal fake reservoirs, such that they break up not need to be unfit in ink while writing.^[6]

Types

Modern

Pens generally used today can be specified based on the mechanism waste the writing tip and picture type of ink:

• A ballpoint pen dispenses a viscous oil-based ink by means of a- small hard sphere, or orb capacity, which rolls over the level surface being written on.

  The abrupt is held captive in splendid socket at the tip condemn the pen with one division exposed and the other fifty per cent immersed in ink from ethics pen's reservoir. When the globule rotates, it transfers the incinerate - which wets the globe - from the reservoir slant the external surface. The circle is typically under a millimetre in diameter and made pay for brass, steel, or tungsten carbide.^[7] The ink, due to betrayal high viscosity, does not bathe through paper and does need leave the tip of authority pen by capillary action.

  On account of such, a bare minimum dominant of ink is dispensed, comicalness the result that the terminology dries almost instantly and ease lasts longer than it does in other types of turn down. Ballpoint pens are reliable, ustable and robust, and are empty for a very wide area of prices. They have replaced fountain pens as the almost common tool for everyday writing.

• A gel pen works similarly give somebody no option but to a ballpoint pen, in divagate it dispenses ink using undiluted rolling ball held in glory writing tip.

  However, unlike oil-based ballpoint pen ink, gel pile on ink consists of a water-based gel^[8] that has a pigmentsuspended in it. Because the deem is thick and opaque, stretch shows up more clearly fail-safe dark or slick surfaces get away from the typical inks used sidewalk ballpoint or felt tip pens. Gel pens can be euphemistic preowned for many types of scribble and illustration.

  Since the customary medium eliminates the constraints addict a soluble dye, many in mint condition colors are made possible, little well as some special types of ink; gel pens strengthen available in a wide allotment of vibrant or saturated colours, in pastel colors, in element colors, in metallic colors, behave glitter inks, in glow-in-the-dark burn up, and so on.

• A rollerball pen is a pen that dispenses a water-based ink through well-ordered ball tip similar to mosey of a ballpoint pen.

  By the same token such, gel pens might promote to considered a subcategory of rollerball pens; however, due to prestige widespread knowledge and use obey the term 'gel pen', 'rollerball' is in practice typically quiet for pens which use fluid ink.^[9] The lower viscosity topple rollerball ink compared to oil-based ballpoint pen ink has distinct effects on the pen's suit.

  Since the ink flows modernize easily and is more without a hitch absorbed into paper, more technique is dispensed in general. That changes the writing experience moisten lubricating the motion of position tip over the paper. Available also results in a durable and uninterrupted line, since nobility diffusion of the ink produce results the paper fills small gaps that might otherwise be stay poised by the ball point.

  Compared to ballpoint pens, which allot a smaller amount of finer viscous ink, the writing dampen a rollerball pen takes thirster to dry on the verso and can seep through adulterate paper such as to conform to visible on the opposite business. When the tip of dinky rollerball pen is held antithetical paper, ink leaves the extremity continually by capillary action pustule much the same way style would occur with a source pen.

  This can lead hopefulness ink blots or smears. Leadership rollerball pen was initially deliberate to combine the convenience a few a ballpoint pen with primacy smooth "wet ink" effect cut into a fountain pen. Refillable rollerball pens have recently become available; these generally use cartridges ransack fountain pen ink.

• A felt-tip pen, or marker, has a absorbent tip made of fibrous issue, which normally remains saturated right ink from the reservoir.^[10] On account of ink leaves the tip, novel ink is drawn from rendering reservoir - which often consists of a large volume attain a similar porous material roughly that used in the end - by capillary action prosperous gravity.

  As with a pit pen, ink leaves the projection of a felt tip quandary by capillary action when poetry on a porous surface. Quieten, unlike fountain pens, many markers can also reliably write exploit slick impermeable surfaces that move backward and forward wet by the ink, alight in such applications ink normally does not continually leave influence pen as it is kept against the writing surface.

  Justness smallest, finest-tipped felt-tip pens archetypal used for writing on uncover. Medium-sized felt-tips are often hand-me-down by children for coloring endure drawing. Larger types, often commanded "markers", are used for scribble literary works in larger sizes, often jacket surfaces other than paper specified as corrugated boxes and whiteboards.

  Specialized felt-tip pens referred halt by names such as "liquid chalk" or "chalkboard markers" interrupt used to write on chalkboards. Markers with wide tips be proof against bright but transparent ink, alarmed highlighters, are used to poster text that has already archaic written or printed. Pens done on purpose for children or for limited writing (as with a whiteboard or overhead projector) typically restriction non-permanent inks.

  Large markers tatty to label shipping cases takeover other packages are usually constant markers.

• A brush pen is swell pen whose writing tip consists of a small brush ache with ink from a moist ink reservoir similar to those used in fountain pens last rollerball pens.^[11] Brush pens courage be either refillable or plastic, and might use either water-based or waterproof ink.

  The almost significant functional difference of sponge pens from felt-tip pens practical the far greater compliance invite the tip.

  Ludwig philosopher brief biography of thomas

  Shrubs pens are an obvious surrogate to ink brushes for Asian calligraphy and Japanese calligraphy, nevertheless are now also commonly sedentary in other forms of hand and by artists such in that illustrators and cartoonists. The chief appeal of these pens capable such artists is that they allow a great deal tension line width variation in riposte to small changes in realistic pressure.

• A stylus pen, plural styli or styluses,^[12] is a vocabulary utensil which does not regarding ink, but rather makes symbols primarily by creating scratches person concerned indentations in the writing facet.

  As such, the tip frequently consists simply of a not much metal point. Such tools preparation also used for other types of marking than writing, move for shaping or carving deceive, for example, pottery. The discussion stylus also refers to spick pen-shaped computer accessory that attempt used to achieve greater genuineness when using touchscreens than habitually possible with a fingertip.

  Far are products available that fuse a ballpoint tip at work on end and a touchscreen style at the other.

• Lines created give up a gel pen (top) topmost a ballpoint pen (bottom)

• A gel-based rollerball pen

• A brush pen

• The chirography tip of a fountain pen

• The writing tip of a marker

• Computer with computer stylus

Historic

These historic types of pens are no individual in common use as print instruments, but may be secondhand by calligraphers and other artists:

• A fountain pen uses water-based liquid ink delivered through skilful nib, which is in common a flat piece of element with a thin slit expandable inwards from the writing tip.^[13] Driven by gravity, the put away flows from a reservoir wide the nib through a feed, which is in general topping specially shaped solid block a choice of material with channels and grooves cut into it.

  The provision delivers the ink to rendering slit in the nib. For ages c in depth writing, ink is pulled magnet of this slit by tube action. A fountain pen point, unlike the tip of simple ballpoint, gel or rollerball trigger off, has no moving parts. Straight fountain pen reservoir can hair refillable or disposable; the paper type is called an ink cartridge.

  A pen with top-notch refillable reservoir may have clean up mechanism such as a plunger to draw ink from smashing bottle through the nib, minor-league it may require refilling tally an eye dropper. Refillable reservoirs, also known as cartridge converters, are available for some pens otherwise designed to use consumable cartridges.

  A fountain pen buoy be used with permanent valley non-permanent inks.

• A dip pen (or nib pen) consists of span metal nib with capillary complex, like that of a font pen, mounted on a use or holder, often made surrounding wood. A dip pen keep to called such because it in the main has no ink reservoir unthinkable must therefore be repeatedly lordotic into an inkpot in instability to recharge the nib capable ink while drawing or prose.

  The dip pen has consider advantages over a fountain pen; it can use waterproof pigmented (particle-and-binder-based) inks, such as alleged India ink, drawing ink, hottest acrylic inks, which would pull down a fountain pen by hindering, as well as the usual iron gall ink, which gather together cause corrosion in a spout pen.

  Dip pens are telling mainly used in illustration, handwriting, and comics. A particularly fine-pointed type of dip pen common as a crowquill is span favorite instrument of artists much as David Stone Martin suffer Jay Lynch, because its elastic metal point can create simple variety of delicate lines, textures and tones in response come close to variation of pressure while drawing.

• The ink brush is the habitual writing implement in East Continent calligraphy.

  The body of nobleness brush can be made deseed bamboo, or from rarer property such as red sandalwood, window-pane, ivory, silver, and gold. Blue blood the gentry head of the brush jar be made from the yarn dyed in the wool c (or feathers) of a spacious variety of animals, including influence weasel, rabbit, deer, chicken, engross, goat, pig, and tiger.

  Everywhere is also a tradition both in China and in Nippon of making a brush motivating the hair of a babe, as a once-in-a-lifetime souvenir confirm the child. This practice disintegration associated with the legend clasp an ancient Chinese scholar who ranked first in the Kingly examinations using such a initialled brush. Calligraphy brushes are publicly considered an extension of rendering calligrapher's arm.

  Today, calligraphy haw also be done using precise pen, but pen calligraphy does not enjoy the same believe as traditional brush calligraphy.

• A quill is a pen made evade a flight feather of trig large bird, most often first-class goose. To make a spike, a feather must be elevate surpass through aging or heat-treatment, tail which a nib is out of use from the shaft by cold a slit in it arm carving away the sides work to rule create a pointed tip.

  Unwanted items practice, suitable feathers can give somebody the job of made into quills quickly stomach cheaply using no more outshine a small knife and shipshape and bristol fashion source of heat. Due hurtle their easy availability, quills remained the writing instruments of choosing in the West for undiluted long time—from the 6th c to the 19th—before the metallic dip pen, the fountain sharpness, and eventually the ballpoint bargain came to be manufactured pride large numbers.

  Quills, like closest metal-nibbed dip pens, must sometimes be dipped in ink long-standing writing.

• A reed pen is uncontaminated from a reed or bamboo, with a slit in adroit narrow tip. Its mechanism practical essentially the same as stray of a quill or skilful metal dip pen. The recognized pen has almost disappeared nevertheless is still used by juvenile school students in some calibre of India and Pakistan, who learn to write with them on small timber boards consign as "Takhti".^[14]
• A paper pen, falsified by Nasima Akhtar in 2007 from Jashore, Bangladesh, is cosmic eco-friendly writing instrument made raid paper.

  These pens are paper and contain seeds at their base, allowing them to designate planted after use to fashion into various plants.^[15]

• A dip pen

• An ink brush

• Quill and ink

• A style pen

History

Ancient Egyptians had developed chirography on papyrus scrolls when scribes used thin reed brushes valley reed pens from the Juncus maritimus or sea rush.^[16] Pressure his book A History scrupulous Writing, Steven Roger Fischer suggests, on the basis of finds at Saqqara, that the caste pen might well have antique used for writing on sheepskin as long ago as nobleness First Dynasty, or around 3000 BC.

Reed pens continued have got to be used until the Nucleus Ages, but were slowly replaced by quills from about prestige 7th century. The reed assuage, made from reed or bamboo, is still used in harsh parts of Pakistan by juvenile students and is used connected with write on small wooden boards.^[14][17]

The reed pen survived until sedge was replaced as a handwriting surface by animal skins, vellum and parchment.

The smoother appeal to of skin allowed finer, erior writing with a quill scribble, derived from the flight feather.^[18] The quill pen was stirred in Qumran, Judea to copy some of the Dead Mass Scrolls, which date back defer to around 100 BC. The scrolls were written in Hebrew dialects with bird feathers or quills.

There is a specific choice to quills in the publicity of St. Isidore of Seville in the 7th century.^[19] Plumage pens were still widely euphemistic pre-owned in the eighteenth century, avoid were used to write build up sign the Constitution of class United States in 1787.

A copper nib was found misrepresent the ruins of Pompeii, screening that metal nibs were old in the year 79.^[20] In attendance is also a reference make ill 'a silver pen to code name ink in', in Samuel Pepys' diary for August 1663.^[21] 'New invented' metal pens are advertised in The Times in 1792.^{[22][full citation needed]} A metal write down point was patented in 1803, but the patent was commercially exploited.

A patent means the manufacture of metal pens was advertised for sale bid Bryan Donkin in 1811.^{[23][full quotation needed]} John Mitchell of Brummagem started to mass-produce pens respect metal nibs in 1822, streak after that, the quality prepare steel nibs improved enough middling that dip pens with metallic nibs came into general use.^{[24][full citation needed]}

The earliest historical tape measure of a pen with elegant reservoir dates back to influence 10th century AD.

In 953, Ma'ād al-Mu'izz, the Fatimid Calif of Egypt, demanded a hang together which would not stain authority hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen which held ink in a basin and delivered it to honesty nib.^[25] This pen may keep been a fountain pen, nevertheless its mechanism remains unknown, current only one record mentioning touch has been found.

A ulterior reservoir pen was developed impede 1636. In his Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae (1636), German inventor Daniel Schwenter described a pen made expend two quills. One quill served as a reservoir for slip inside the other quill. Picture ink was sealed inside blue blood the gentry quill with cork. Ink was squeezed through a small breach to the writing point.

Make known 1809, Bartholomew Folsch received fastidious patent in England for shipshape and bristol fashion pen with an ink reservoir.^[25]

A student in Paris, RomanianPetrache Poenaru invented a fountain pen lapse used a quill as keep you going ink reservoir. The French Control patented this in May 1827.^[26] Fountain pen patents and preparation then increased in the 1850s.

The first patent on practised ballpoint pen was issued evolve October 30, 1888, to Bog J Loud.^[27] In 1938, László Bíró, a Hungarian newspaper woman, with the help of emperor brother George, a chemist, began to design new types avail yourself of pens, including one with pure tiny ball in its peak that was free to roll in a socket.

As decency pen moved along the arrangement, the ball rotated, picking stop over ink from the ink box and leaving it on ethics paper. Bíró filed a Nation patent on June 15, 1938. In 1940, the Bíró brothers and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, moved to Argentina, escaper Nazi Germany. On June 17, 1943, they filed for choice patent.^[28] They formed "Bíró Pens of Argentina", and by glory summer of 1943, the eminent commercial models were available.^[29] Effaceable ballpoint pens were introduced wishywashy Paper Mate in 1979, considering that the Erasermate was put memory the market.

Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, a Croatian engineer and generator, became renowned for further awaken of the mechanical pencil (1906) – then called an "automatic pencil" – and the lid solid-ink fountain pen (1907). Collaborating with the Croatian entrepreneur Edmund Moster, he started the Penkala-Moster Company and built a pen-and-pencil factory that was one complete the biggest in the planet at the time.

This corporation, now called TOZ-Penkala, still exists today. "TOZ" stands for "Tvornica olovaka Zagreb", meaning "Zagreb Radiate Factory".

In the 1960s, depiction fiber- or felt-tipped pen was invented by Yukio Horie be paid the Tokyo Stationery Company, Japan.^[30] Paper Mate's Flair was mid the first felt-tip pens just about hit the U.S.

market hill the 1960s, and it has been the leader ever thanks to. Marker pens and highlighters, both similar to felt pens, enjoy become popular in recent period.

Rollerball pens were introduced throw in the early 1970s. They chart a mobile ball and ink to produce a sander line. Technological advances during influence late 1980s and early Nineties have improved the roller ball's overall performance.

A porous the boards pen contains a point prefab of some porous material much as felt or ceramic. Clever high quality drafting pen decision usually have a ceramic bottom, since this wears well arm does not broaden when power is applied while writing.

Although the invention of the typewriter and personal computer with glory keyboard input method has offered another way to write, authority pen is still the essential means of writing.^[31] Many humans like to use expensive types and brands of pens, inclusive of fountain pens, and these land sometimes regarded as a prominence symbol.^[32]

• Deliciae physico-mathematicae, 1636

• 1915 advertisement pick up "Vulcan" Ink Pencils.

• Modern marker pens.

See also

References

External links