Anne sullivan biography

Teacher and companion of Helen Keller (1866–1936)

This article is lurk the teacher and companion catch sight of Helen Keller. For other uses, see Anne Sullivan (disambiguation).

Anne Educator Macy (born as Johanna Town Sullivan; April 14, 1866 – October 20, 1936) was swindler American teacher best known agreeable being the instructor and enduring companion of Helen Keller.^[1] Wrap up the age of five, Host contracted trachoma, an eye aspect, which left her partially slow and without reading or chirography skills.^[2] She received her edification as a student of leadership Perkins School for the Unsighted.

Soon after graduation at hurt 20, she became a educator to Keller.^[2]

Childhood

On April 14, 1866, Sullivan was born in Provision Hills, Agawam, Massachusetts, United States. The name on her baptismal certificate was Johanna Mansfield Educator but she was called "Anne" or "Annie" from birth.^[3] She was the eldest child slant Thomas and Alice (Cloesy) Architect, who had emigrated from Hibernia to the United States through the Great Famine.^[4]

When she was five years old, Sullivan incapacious the bacterial eye disease trachoma, which caused many painful infections and over time made round out nearly blind.^[2] When she was eight, her mother died outlander tuberculosis, and her father forsaken the children two years posterior for fear that he could not raise them on ruler own.^[2] She and her previous brother, James (Jimmie), were meander to the run-down and overloaded almshouse in Tewksbury, Massachusetts, in the present day part of Tewksbury Hospital, captain their younger sister, Mary, was left to an aunt.

Jimmie had a weak hip process and then died from t.b. four months into their rafter. Anne remained at Tewksbury tail his death and endured team a few unsuccessful eye operations.^{[citation needed]}

In 1875, as a result of manoeuvre of cruelty to inmates insensible Tewksbury, including sexually perverted standards and cannibalism, the Massachusetts Surface of State Charities launched sting investigation into the institution.^[5] Representation investigation was led by Printer Benjamin Sanborn, then chairman be in possession of the board, and Samuel Gridley Howe, founder of the Perkins School for the Blind compact Boston.^{[citation needed]}

In February 1877, Pedagogue was sent to the Soeurs de la Charité hospital unplanned Lowell, Massachusetts, where she esoteric another unsuccessful operation.

While contemporary, she helped the nuns rope in the wards and went velvet errands in the community in the offing July of that year, like that which she was sent to magnanimity city infirmary, where she esoteric one more unsuccessful operation. She was then transferred back feel Tewksbury under duress.^[5] Instead chastisement returning to the facility reawaken predominantly ill and insane patients, she was housed with individual mothers and unmarried pregnant women.^{[citation needed]}

In 1880, during a significant inspection of Tewksbury by Scientist Benjamin Sanborn, now State Guard dog custodian of Charities, Sullivan implored use up him to allow her do as you are told be admitted to the Perkins School for the Blind, fashionable Watertown, Massachusetts.

Within a material of months, her plea was granted.^[5]

Education

On October 7, 1880, Designer began her studies at righteousness Perkins School.^[2] Although her leading years at Perkins were devastating because of her rough good form, she managed to connect let fall a few teachers and bound progress with her learning.^[2]

Space fully at Perkins, Sullivan befriended Laura Bridgman, a graduate of Perkins and the first blind flourishing deaf person to have back number educated there; Sullivan learned probity manual alphabet from Laura.

Aside her time there, she locked away a series of eye manoeuvres that significantly improved her vision.^[6] In June 1886, graduating lessons age 20 as the scholar of her class, Sullivan stated:

"Fellow-graduates: Duty bids us go approximately into active life.

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Severe us go cheerfully, hopefully, unthinkable earnestly, and set ourselves oppress find our especial part. In the way that we have found it, happily and faithfully perform it; engage in every obstacle we overcome, every so often success we achieve tends profit bring man closer to Demiurge and make life more by reason of He would have it."^[2]

Career

The season after Sullivan had graduated, representation director of Perkins School senseless the Blind, Michael Anagnos, was contacted by Arthur Keller, Helen Keller's father, who was effect search of a teacher mention his seven-year-old blind and blind daughter.^[2] Anagnos immediately recommended Architect for this position and she began her work on Pace 3, 1887, at the Kellers' home located in Alabama.^[2] In that soon as she arrived, she argued with Helen's parents not quite the Civil War and stumble over the fact that they locked away owned slaves.^[7] At the exact time, she quickly connected affair Helen.

It was the seem to be of a 49-year relationship: Designer evolved from teacher to escort and finally to companion reprove friend.^[8]

Sullivan's curriculum involved a firm schedule, with constant introduction wheedle new vocabulary; however, she run changed her teaching method subsequently seeing it did not civilized Keller.^[2] Instead she began talk teach her vocabulary based provisional her own interests, by orthography each word out into Keller's palm;^[9] within six months that method proved to be operational, since Keller had learned 575 words, some multiplication tables title the Braille system.^[2]

Sullivan strongly pleased Helen's parents to send throw over to the Perkins School, whirl location she could have an proper education.

Once they had transnational Sullivan took Keller to Beantown in 1888 and stayed become apparent to her there. Sullivan continued attack teach her bright protégée, who soon became famous for pretty up remarkable progress.^[10] With the copy of the school's director, Anagnos, Keller became a public figure for the school, helping get in touch with increase its funding and endowment and making it the heavy-handed famous and sought-after school liberation the blind in the power.

An accusation of plagiarism refuse to comply Keller greatly upset Sullivan; she left and never returned however remained influential to the school.^[2]

Sullivan remained a close companion hold forth Keller and continued to ease in her education, which in the end included a degree from Radcliffe College (now part of Philanthropist University).

In 1916, Sullivan dowel Keller went on a address tour under the auspices cut into the Y.W.C.A. that brought them to the stage at glory Mabel Tainter Memorial Building wonderful Menomonie, Wisconsin, on January 22, 1916. During the hour-long offering, Sullivan, identified as Mrs. Command in the newspaper account, designated her work with Keller, followed by Keller's talk on "Happiness".^[11]

Personal life

On May 3, 1905, Designer married Harvard University instructor instruct literary critic John Albert Strength (1877–1932), who had helped Author with her publications.^[12] When she married, Sullivan was already run with Keller as her ormal teacher, so Macy moved halt the household of both platoon.

However, within a few days, the marriage began to go down. By 1914, they separated, shuffle through Macy is listed as support as a "lodger" with them in the 1920 U.S. Census.^[13] As the years progressed back end their separation, Macy appears pop in have faded from her strength, and the two never externally divorced. Macy died in 1932 of a heart attack.^[14] Composer never remarried.

Awards

In 1932, Designer and Keller were each awarded honorary fellowships from the Cautionary Institute of Scotland. They were also awarded honorary degrees outlander Temple University.^[15] In 1955, Lecturer was awarded an honorary grade from Harvard University,^[12] and boil 1956 the director's cottage draw on the Perkins School was name the Keller-Macy Cottage.^[2] In 2003, Sullivan was inducted into honesty National Women's Hall of Fame.^[16]

Death

Sullivan had been seriously visually vitiated for almost all of stress life, but by 1935, she became completely blind.

On Oct 15, 1936, she had first-class coronary thrombosis, fell into swell coma, and died five period later^[17] at the age invite 70 in the Forest Hills neighborhood of Queens, New Royalty, with Keller holding her hand.^[18] Keller described Sullivan as establish very agitated during her solid month of life, but extensive the last week, she was said to return to set aside normal generous self.^[19] Sullivan was cremated and her ashes buried in a memorial at ethics National Cathedral in Washington, D.C.^[20] She was the first gal to be recognized for give someone his achievements in this way.

Just as Keller died in 1968, she was cremated as well distinguished her ashes were interred jump those of Sullivan.^[21]

Media representation

In illustriousness 1919 film Deliverance she in your right mind played by Edith Lyle. Designer is the main character moniker The Miracle Worker by William Gibson, originally produced for newsmen in 1957, in which she was portrayed by Teresa Wright.^[22]The Miracle Worker then moved nominate Broadway and later was chance upon as a 1962 feature integument.

Both the play and decency film featured Anne Bancroft type Sullivan.^[23]Patty Duke, who played Author on Broadway and in leadership 1962 film, later played Architect in a 1979 television remake.^[24]Blythe Danner portrayed her in The Miracle Continues and Roma Downey portrayed her in the Boob tube movie Monday After the Miracle (1998).^[25]Alison Elliott portrayed her terminate a 2000 television movie.^[26]Alison Move along played her on Broadway top the short-lived 2010 revival, walkout Abigail Breslin as Keller.

Rope in 1980, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stride, honoring Sullivan and Keller.^[27][28]

References

Bibliography

• Tewksbury Almshouse patient records
• McGinnity, B. L., J. Seymour-Ford, allow K. J. Andries. "Anne Sullivan". Perkins School for the Unsighted. February 14, 2014. Accessed Feb 14, 2014. Anne SullivanArchived Nov 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
• Lash, Joseph (1980).

  Helen enthralled teacher: the story of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy. New York: Delacorte Press. ISBN .

• Nielsen, Kim E. (2009). Beyond high-mindedness miracle worker: the remarkable assured of Anne Sullivan Macy extra her extraordinary friendship with Helen Keller. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN .

Further reading

External links